Crimean Khanate iyo Halgankii Awooda Weyn ee Ukraine Qarnigii 17aad

Ku darsiga Crimea ee dhawaan uu sameeyay Federaalka Ruushka waa in ay na xasuusiso tartanka iyo sheegashooyinka adag ee sharcinimada dhulkan yar ee badda madow, kiiskan u dhaxeeya Ukraine iyo Ruushka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay noqon doontaa qalad in la falanqeeyo hamiga dhuleed ee Ruushka sida ficil go'doon ah, runtii waa ka soo horjeeda. Jasiiradda Crimean waxa ay muddo dheer ahayd gobol ay ku loolamayaan boqortooyo iyo quruumo kala duwan

Qarnigii 17-aad, dacallada Yukrayn waxa ka socday dagaallo daba-dheeraaday oo u dhexeeya quwadihii waaweynaa ee Yurubta Bari, kuwaas oo kala ahaa Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta. , Dawlada Dhexe ee Lithuania ee Polish (PLC) iyo Ruushka. Muddadaas Khanate of Crimea, mid ka mid ah dawladihii ku guulaystey Horde Golden iyo vassal ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay caawinta ololihii militari ee Cusmaaniyiinta ee ka dhanka ahaa PLC markii ugu horeysay, ka dibna ka soo horjeeda awooda sii kordheysa ee Ruushka. .

Akhrinta lagu taliyay

Sparta hore: Taariikhda Spartans

The Battle of Thermopylae: 300 Spartans vs World

In kasta oo awoodda militari ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Tataarka ay ugu dambeyntii si cad u jebiyeen intii lagu jiray dagaalkii masiibada ahaa ee Leegada Quduuska ah (1684-1699), iyo awoodda Ruushka ee Ukraine44, maya. 102 (1966): 139-166.

Scott, H. M. Soo ifbaxa Quwadaha Bari, 1756-1775 . Cambridge: Cambridge

Jaamacadda Press, 2001.

Williams, Brian Glyn. Riders Sultan: Doorkii Milatari ee Tataarka Crimean ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta . Washington D.C: The Jamestown Foundation, 2013.

Vásáry, István. "Krimiyaan Khanate iyo Horde Great (1440s-1500s): A Fight for Primacy." In Kharimian Khanate inta u dhaxaysa Bari iyo Galbeed (15th-18th Century) , waxaa tafatiray Denise Klein. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2012.

[1] Brian Glyn Williams. Riders Sultan: Doorkii Milatari ee Tataarka Crimean ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta . (Washington D.C: The Jamestown Foundation, 2013), 2. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan taariikhda saxda ah ee Crimea ay noqotay qayb siyaasadeed oo ka duwan Horde Golden. István Vásáry, tusaale ahaan, wuxuu dhigayaa taariikhda aasaaska Khanate ee 1449 (István Vásáry. "The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s-1500s): A Fight for Primacy." In Crimean Khanate ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka (qarnigii 15-aad-18aad) , waxaa tafatiray Denise Klein. , 2.

[4] Ibid, 2.

[5] Alan Fisher, Tataarka Crimean . (Stanford: Jaamacadda Stanford Press, 1978), 5.

[6] H. M Scott. Bixitaankii Awoodaha Bari, 1756-1775 .(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 232.

[7] Williams, 8.

[8] C. M. Kortepeter, "Gazi Giray II, Khan ee Crimean, iyo Siyaasadda Cusmaaniyiinta Bariga Yurub iyo Caucasus, 1588-94", Dib u eegista Slavonic iyo Bariga Yurub 44, no. 102 (1966): 140.

[9] Allen Fisher, Isku-xidhka Ruushka ee Crimea 1772-1783 . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 15.

[10] Williams, 5.

[11] Ibid, 15.

[12] Ibid, 15 .

[13] Halil Inalchik, "Halganka Boqortooyada Bariga-Yurub: 1400-1700, Crimean Khanate, Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Kor u kaca Boqortooyada Ruushka" (Jaamacadda Ankara: Buugga Sannadka ee Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Turkiga, 21 , 1982): 6.

[14] Ibid, 7.

[15] Ibid, 7-8.

[16] Ibid, 8.

[17] Ibid, 8.

[18] Williams, 18.

[19] Ibid, 18.

[20] Alan Fisher, Crimeankii Cusmaaniyiinta ee bartamihii qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad: Tixgelinta Horudhaca ah qaarkood . Harvard Studies Yukreeniyaan, vol. 3/4 (1979-1980): 216.

[21] Tusaale ahaan, Poland oo keliya waxa lagu qiyaasay in intii u dhaxaysay 1474 ilaa 1694 ku dhawaad ​​1 milyan oo Pole ay Tatarku qaadeen si ay addoonnimo uga iibsadaan. . Alan Fisher, "Muscovy iyo ganacsiga addoonsiga ee badda madow." Barashada Slavic ee Canadian American. (Jiilaalkii 1972): 582.

Xornimada Crimean Khanate ma ay socon muddo dheer, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si dhakhso ah ayaa loogu biiriyay wareegtada siyaasadeed ee Cusmaaniyiinta. Ka dib dhimashadii Giray Khan ee 1466, labadiisii ​​wiil waxay ku dhufteen Khanate dagaal sokeeye oo dhexdhexaad ah si ay u xakameeyaan carshiga aabbahood. Sannadkii 1475-kii, Mehemed II waxa uu ka faa’idaystay fursaddii ay siisay dhibaatadii ka dhalatay dhaxal-sugaha Khanatesku soo rogaan saameyntiisa Crimean, iyo 1478-kii wuxuu awooday inuu kursiga ku fadhiisto musharax daacad ah, Mengli Giray. Cadowgaaga iyo saaxiibka saaxiibkaa.”[5]

Isbahaysiga Tataarka ee Cusmaaniyiinta waxa uu ahaa in uu si cajiib ah u waaro, waxana uu ahaa mid ka mid ah siyaasadda Bariga Yurub ilaa uu “madax-banaanideeda” ka helayo Ruushka. Sannadkii 1774-kii ee heshiiskii Kuchuk-Kainardji.[6] Mid ka mid ah sababaha sii waaraya nidaamkan isbahaysigu waxay ahayd qiimaha labada dhinacba faa'iido u leeyihiin ee xiriirka labada dhinac.

Cismaaniyiintii, Crimean Khanate waxay si gaar ah u caawisay sugidda xuduudka waqooyi ee boqortooyadooda, iyo sidoo kale inay ahaato ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo laga helo fardooley xirfad leh (badanaa ku dhawaad ​​20,000) si ay u kabaan ciidankii Cusmaaniyiinta ee ololaha ku jiray.[7] Sida safkii ugu horreeyay ee looga hortagayo hanjabaadaha ku wajahan dekedaha Cusmaaniyiinta ee Crimea, iyo sidoo kale ku tiirsanaantooda Wallachia iyo Transylvania, Tataarka waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad waxtar u leh maadaama awooddooda ay ku qaadi karaan weerarro degdeg ah dhulka cadawga sida caadiga ah waxaa lagu tiirsanaan karaa si loo yareeyo horumarka ciidanka cadawga. .[8]

Khanate-ka, isku-xidhka Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa lagama maarmaan u ahaa in la burburiyo awoodda Horde Dahabka ah, kaas oo ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 15-aad uu weli lahaa khatar millatari oo xooggan. Ka dib, Cusmaaniyiintu waxay siiyeen Khanate ka ilaalin ka dhanka ahku xadgudubka PLC, ka dibna Boqortooyada Ruushka.

In Crimean Khanate ay leedahay urur millatari oo xoog leh, waxaa cad mawqifka mudnaanta leh ee ay siisay dawladdii Cusmaaniyiinta, haddana weli lama hubo inta uu le'eg yahay tirada ciidanka Tataarka. . Tani waxay muhiim u tahay marka la rabo in la tixgeliyo waxa awoodda ciidan ee Tataarka ay noqon karto, iyo waxa laga yaabo inay ku guuleystaan ​​​​haddii ay si sax ah u taageeraan Cusmaaniyiinta.

Qodobada Taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee ugu dambeysay

Sidee Masiixiyaddu u Faafiday: Asalka, Ballaarinta, iyo Saamaynta

Cunto Giriigii hore: Rooti, ​​Cunnobadeed, Miro, iyo in ka badan!

Alan Fisher, tusaale ahaan, waxa uu si muxaafid ah u qiyaasay awoodda militariga Tatar ilaa 40,000-50,000.[9] Ilaha kale ayaa tirada ku dhow 80,000, ama xitaa kor u dhaafaya 200,000, inkastoo tiradan dambe ay hubaal tahay in la buunbuuninayo. guushu waa guushii ay ka gaadhay, iyo burburkii ka dhashay, ee Horde Golden 1502.[11] Hase yeeshee midhihii guushani ma aysan helin Khanate, laakiin Ruushka. Iyadoo xudduudaha Ruushka ay si tartiib tartiib ah ugu sii socdeen xudduudaha Tataarka, Crimean Khanatesi sii kordheysa waxay u arkeen Ruushka inuu yahay mabda'a ay xafiiltamaan, waxayna aqoonsadeen inay tahay khatar ciidan oo khatar ah muddo dheer ka hor Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Qarnigii, door biday in la kordhiyo kororka u dhigma ee awoodda siyaasadeed ee Tataarka, taas oo kaliya wiiqi doona saamaynta ay Khanate ah. Runtii, muddadaas inteeda badan Cusmaaniyiintu waxay PLC u aqoonsadeen, maaha Ruushka, inay yihiin cadawgooda mabda’a ah ee xuduudeeda waqooyi, sidaas darteedna waxay u qoondeeyeen inta badan agabkeeda ciidan ee gobolka si ay uga hortagaan khatartan.

Waa muhiim, Cusmaaniyiintu waxay inta badan u arki jireen isbahaysigooda Tataarka inay yihiin kuwo difaac ku leh dabeecadda, iyagoo damacsan inay ka bixiyaan duulaanka shisheeye ee ka dhanka ah ku tiirsanaanta Cusmaaniyiinta ee Balkans. Sidaa darteed way ka yaraayeen inay taageeraan rabitaanka balaadhinta Tataarka taasoo si fudud u gelin karta colaad daba dheeraatay, qaali ah, oo laga yaabo inay u badan tahay inaan loo baahnayn ee talaabada Yukreeniya , oo leh midowga Dnieper Cossacks ee Ruushka, kaas oo soo bandhigay Crimea Khanate iyo Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta si ay uga hortagaan saameyntooda iyo sheegashada suzerainty ee steppe Yukreeniyaan.[14]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Cusmaaniyiinta. ayaa markii hore ka caga jiiday inay galaan ciidamo dheeraad ahUkraine, ugu horrayn sababtoo ah waxay ku mashquuleen badda Mediterranean-ka iyo xudduudda Danube ee dagaalka socda ee ka dhanka ah Austria iyo Venice.[15] Waxay sidoo kale ka baqayeen daciifinta saameyntooda siyaasadeed ee Crimean haddii ay dhacdo in Khanate uu qabsaday dhulal badan oo cusub oo ku yaal Dniester iyo Volga.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kobaca degdegga ah ee Ruushku wuxuu ugu dambeyntii sababay olole culus oo Cusmaaniyiin ah oo lagu eryay Ruush ka Ukraine. Sannadkii 1678-kii, ciidan badan oo Cusmaaniyiin ah, oo ay taageerayaan fardooleydii Tataarka, ayaa qaaday duullaan kaas oo ku dhammaaday go'doomintii magaalada istiraatiijiga ah ee Cihrin.[16] Isku daygii Ruushku ku doonayay inuu magaalada ku nafiso waa uu guuldarraystay, Cusmaaniyiintuna waxa ay awoodeen in ay helaan heshiis wanaagsan. Hase yeeshee, iyadoo Ruushku si ku-meel-gaar ah dib loogu riixay, sii socoshada dagaalka ka socda xudduudaha Poland ayaa ku qasbay Cusmaaniyiinta inay joojiyaan weerarkooda Yukreeniyaan. caddeyso inay tahay ku meel gaar, maadaama awooddii ciidan ee Cusmaaniyiinta ay burburtay wax yar ka dib markii ay dagaal kula jirtay Boqortooyada Austria iyo Ururka Quduuska ah. Tani waxay keentay in Crimean Khanate ay si khatar ah u soo bandhigto weerar Ruush ah, xaalad uu Tsar Peter I (The Great) si degdeg ah uga faa'iidaystay faa'iidadiisa.

Iyadoo Cusmaaniyiintu ay ku mashquulsanaayeen Balkans ka dhanka ah Austria, PLC iyo Venice. Peter The Great ayaa hogaaminayay weerarka ka dhanka ahQalcadda Cusmaaniyiinta ee Azov ee ku taal wadnaha Crimean Khanate, kaas oo uu ugu dambeyntii qabsaday 1696. Xidhiidhka Khanate ee Ruushka, maadaama deriskeedu awood u yeeshay inuu si joogto ah u galo xuduudkiisa si aan hore loo arag. Koorsadii qarnigii 17-aad, iyadoo Crimean Khanate ay noqotay mid sii kordheysa oo lagu soo qaaday weerarrada Cossack ee xuduudaha. Tani waxay iyaduna si ba'an u xaalufisay kheyraadka iyo dadka Khanate ee ku nool degmooyinka xuduudka badan.[20] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in aan la soo koobi karin inta ay le’eg tahay duullaankaas iyadoo Tataarka laftoodu ay duullaan joogto ah ku qaadi jireen deriskooda qarnigi 16-aad iyo 17-aad, taas oo la odhan karo saamayn isku mid ah ayay ku yeelatay.[21]

In kasta oo ay taasi jirto. Faa'iidooyinka uu xidhiidhka Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Tataarka siiyay labada dhinac, si kastaba ha ahaatee isbahaysigu wuxuu lahaa dhowr daciifnimo oo halis ah kuwaas oo soo shaac baxay markii qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad uu horumaray. Tan ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ahaa farqiga u dhexeeya Tataarka iyo Ottoman ee istiraatijiyadeed iyo ujeedooyinka dhuleed.

Sida hore loo xusay, Crimean Khanate waxay sii waday sheegashada dhulalkii hore.Golden Horde, oo u dhexeeya Dniester iyo Volga Rivers. Cusmaaniyiintu, marka la barbardhigo, waxay u arkeen Khanate inay tahay qayb ka mid ah xudduudaha difaaca ee waqooyiga, oo ay yar tahay inay taageeraan shirkado militari oo waaweyn oo loogu talagalay in lagu qabsado kharashka PLC, Russia iyo Cossack Hetmanates ee kala duwan.

Sahaminta Maqaallo Taariikhda Qadiimiga ah

Diocletian

Roman Conjugal Love

Khuraafaadka Slavic: Gods, Legends, Characters , iyo Dhaqanka

Runtii, Cusmaaniyiintu waxay had iyo jeer ka shakiyeen hamiga milatari ee Tataarka, iyagoo ka baqaya in guulo waaweyn ay si weyn u kordhiyaan awoodda milatari ee Crimean Khanate, sidaas darteedna ay yareeyaan Saamaynta siyaasadeed ee Cusmaaniyiinta ee Crimea. Sidaa darteed waa in la soo gabagabeeyaa in Cusmaaniyiintu aysan la wadaagin cabsida Crimean Khanate ee ku saabsan ballaarinta awoodda Ruushka, ugu yaraan ilaa bilowgii qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad. Markii Cusmaaniyiintu ay sameeyeen ciidammo badan oo ku yaal jilbaha Ukraine, ololayaashooda millatari ayaa ugu horreyntii loola jeedayPLC, taas oo u ogolaatay Ruushka in ay si tartiib tartiib ah u ballaariso saameynteeda iyo dhulkeeda Ukraine.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad, Crimean Khanate booskeeda istaraatiijiyadeed ayaa aad hoos ugu dhacay, inkastoo ay sii jiri doonto ku dhawaad ​​qarni kale. mawqifkeeda millatari waxa wiiqay awooddii millatari ee Ruushka oo si degdeg ah u balaadhiyey bariga iyo badhtamaha Ukrain iyo si tartiib tartiib ah, balse si joogto ah u hoos u dhacay awoodii ciidan ee Cismaaniyiinta

Bibliografi:

Fisher, Alan. " Muscovy iyo Ganacsiga addoonsiga Badda Madow ", Daraasaadka Slavic Canadian American. (Jiilaalkii 1972).

Fisher, Alan. Crimeankii Cusmaaniyiinta ee bartamihii qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad: Tixgelinta Horudhaca ah qaarkood. Harvard Yukreeniyaan Studies , vol. 3/4 (1979-1980): 215-226.

Fisher, Alan. La-dagaalkii Ruushka ee Crimea 1772-1783 . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).

Fisher, Alan. Tataarka Crimean . Stanford: Jaamacadda Stanford Press, 1978.

Inalchik, Halil. Halgankii Boqortooyada Bariga-Yurub: 1400-1700 Crimean Khanate, Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Kor u kaca Boqortooyada Ruushka . (Jaamacadda Ankara: Buugga Sannadka Turkiga ee Xiriirka Caalamiga, 21), 1982.

Kortepeter, C.M. Gazi Giray II, Khan ee Crimean, iyo Siyaasadda Cusmaaniyiinta ee Bariga Yurub iyo Caucasus, 1588-94. Dib u eegista Slavonic iyo Bariga Yurub