Shaxda tusmada
Waa mid ka mid ah waxyaalihii ugu yaabka badnaa taariikhda in Imbaraadoor Heraclius, oo Boqortooyadii Byzantine ka badbaadiyay burburka suurtagalka ah ee ku yimid gacanta Boqortooyadii Sassanid, uu madax u noqdo jabkii ciidankii Byzantine ee gacantii khulafadii Carbeed ee hore. Burburkii maqaamkii Milatari ee Byzantium ee bariga u dhow, waxaa shaabadeeyey dagaalkii Yarmuuk (sidoo kale loo qoray Yarmuuk) ee AD 636.
Runtii, ma aha wax la buunbuuniyo in la sheego in dagaalkii Yarmuuk uu ka mid ahaa dagaaladii ugu qaraaraa taariikhda. Muddo lix maalmood ah, ciidan Carab ah oo aad uga tiro badnaa ayaa ku guulaystey in ay baabi'iyaan ciidan ka weyn Byzantine. Guuldaradaasi waxay horseedday khasaare joogto ah oo soo gaadhay Suuriya iyo Falastiin oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale Masar iyo qaybo badan oo Mesobotaamiya ah, waxaanay qayb ka qaadatay burburka degdegga ah ee Byzantium oo ay xafiiltamaan dhaqameed, Boqortooyada Sassanid.
Akhrinta lagu taliyay
Dagaalkii Thermopylae: 300 Spartans vs adduunka
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> Athens vs. Sparta: Taariikhda Dagaalkii PeloponnesiaMatthew Jones Abriil 25, 2019
qadiimiga Sparta: Taariikhda Spartans
Matthew Jones May 18, 2019>Ma jirin sharraxaad fudud oo loogu talagalay Byzantium ee fashilka milatari ee Yarmuuk. Hase yeeshee, dhowr arrimood oo ay ka mid yihiin iri khaldan xeelad millatari iyo hoggaaminta iyo dib u dhaca ciidanka Byzantine ee ka jawaabistaJenkins. Dagaal iyo Taariikh. (London: University College London Press, 1999), 215-216.
[15] Jenkins, 34.
[16] Al-Baladhuri. "Dagaalkii Yarmuuk (636) iyo ka dib,"
[17] Al-Baladhuri. “Dagaalkii Yarmuuk (636) iyo ka dib.”
[18] Jenkins, 33.
[19] Al-Baladhuri. "The Battle of the Yarmuuk (636) iyo ka dib."
[20] Kunselman, 71.
[21] Norman A. Bailey, "Battle of Yarmuuk." Joornaalka Daraasaadka Sirdoonka Mareykanka14, Maya. 1 (jiilaalka/guga 2004), 20.[22] Nicolle, 49.
[23] Jenkins, 33.
[24] Kunselman, 71-72
[25] Warren Treadgold, Taariikhda Gobolka Byzantine iyo Bulshada . (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 304.
[26] John Haldon, Byzantium ee Dagaalkii AD 600-1453 . Taariikhaha Muhiimka ah, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002), 39.
duulaankii hore ee Carabta ee Levant, waa in la tixgeliyaa.Markii iri uu qabsaday carshigii Boqortooyada Byzantine ee Phocas AD 610, wuxuu dhaxlay boqortooyo qarka u saaran inay burburto ka dib duulaankii Sassanid ee lagu guuleystay. [1] Ilaa AD 622, Heraclius wuxuu la dagaalamay dagaal difaac ah oo ka dhan ah Sassanid, si tartiib tartiib ah dib u dhiska ciidankii Byzantine isagoo isku dayaya inuu yareeyo horumarka weerarka Faaris.[2]
Ugu dambeyntii, AD 622 , iri waxa uu awooday in uu duulaan ku qaado Boqortooyadii Sassanid,waxana uu u gaystay guul daro isdaba joog ah oo ka dhan ah ciidanka Sassanid ilaa uu awooday in uu ku soo rogo heshiis nabadeed oo bahdil ah Sassanid ee AD 628.[3] Haddana guusha iri waxa lagu gaadhay kharash aad u badan; in ka badan shan iyo labaatan sano oo dagaal joogto ah ayaa ku daalay kheyraadka Sassanid iyo Bizantine labadaba wuxuuna ka dhigay labadoodaba kuwo u nugul duulaanka ciidamada Carabta lix sano ka dib. si xishood leh AD 634 oo ah weeraro isdaba joog ah. Haddana, muddo laba sano gudahood ah ayay Carabtu u suurtagashay inay laba guul oo cajiib ah ka dhaliyaan Bizantiiniyiinta; kii ugu horreeyay ee Ajnadayn bishii Luulyo 634 iyo kii labaad ee Pella (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Battle of the Mud) Janaayo 635.[5] Natiijadii dagaaladani waxay ahayd burburkii maamulkii Byzantine oo dhan Levant, oo ay ku dhammaatay qabsashadii Dimishiq eeSebtembar AD 635.[6] Sababta uu iri uga jawaabi waayay duullaanadan hore ma cadda.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhicitaankii Dimishiq ayaa ugu dambayntii Herculius uga digay khatarta ay duullaankii Carabtu ku soo qaadeen maamulka Byzantine ee bariga wuxuuna abaabulay ciidan aad u badan si ay dib ugu qabsadaan magaalada.[7] Markii ay soo food saartay weerarro is daba joog ah oo ay soo qaadeen ciidamada Bizantine, ciidamadii kala duwanaa ee Carbeed ayaa ka tanaasulay duullaankoodii ugu dambeeyay ee ay ku qaadeen Shaam, waxayna dib ugu gurteen wabiga Yarmuuk, halkaas oo ay u suurtagashay in ay dib isugu soo ururaan oo uu hoggaamiyo Khaalid Ibnul Waliid.[8]
0>Byzantines baacsiga Carabta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku soo rogeen culeys weyn oo saadka ah Boqortooyada (iyo dadka deegaanka gaar ahaan), waxayna u adeegeen inay sii xumeeyaan khilaafyada istiraatijiyadeed ee ka dhex jira taliska sare ee Byzantine. Runtii, Al-Baladhuri oo taariikhdiisa ku saabsan duullaanka Carabta, wuxuu ku nuuxnuuxsaday in shacabka Suuriya iyo Falastiin ay si guud u soo dhaweeyeen duullaanka Carabta, maadaama loo arkayay inay ka dulmi yar yihiin Boqortooyadii Byzantine, waxayna inta badan diyaar u ahaayeen inay Carabta la shaqeeyaan ciidammada Imperial. .[10]Xitaa markii ciidamadii ka soo horjeeday ay ugu dambeyntii kulmeen, Byzantines waxay dib u dhigeen bartamihii May ilaa 15-kii Agoosto ka hor inta aysan ugu dambeyntii dagaal qaadin. Tani waxay caddeeyeen inay tahay khalad dilaa ah markii ay u ogolaatay ciidamada Carabta inay ururiyaan xoojin, indha-indheeyaan goobaha Byzantine, iyo in la xiro farqiga Deraa, taas oo ka hortagaysa inta badan ciidanka Byzantine.[12]
Sidoo kale eeg: Sooyaalka Quusitaanka Scuba: Qoto dheer oo u Quus QotodheerDagaalku wuxuu socday muddo lix maalmood ah. In kasta oo Bizantiiniyiintu ay markii hore qaadeen weerarka oo ay iska caabiyeen qaar ka mid ah weerarro rogaal celis ah oo Muslimiinta, haddana way awoodi waayeen inay weeraraan xeradii Carabta ee ugu weynayd.[13] Intaa waxaa dheer, ciidanka Carabtu waxay awoodeen inay si weyn u adeegsadaan cagtooda iyo fardooleydooda, iyagoo dhigay meelo diyaarsan, sidaas darteedna waxay awoodeen inay joojiyaan horusocodka Bizantine ee bilowga ah.[14] Daqiiqadii ugu muhiimsanayd waxay timid Agoosto 20, markii sida uu halyeeygu qabo, duufaan bacaad ah ayaa kacday oo ku afuuftay ciidanka Byzantine, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Carabtu inay ku dallacaan khadka Byzantine guud ahaan.[15] Byzantines, oo laga jaray dhidibkii ugu weynaa ee dib u gurashada, ayaa si nidaamsan loo xasuuqay. Lama oga khasaaraha dhabta ah, inkastoo Al-Baladhuri uu sheegay in ilaa 70,000 oo askarta Byzantine ah lagu dilay dagaalka iyo isla markiiba ka dib. Al-Baladhuri, tusaale ahaan, waxa uu sheegayaa in ciidamada muslimiintu ay ahaayeen 24,000 oo xoog leh, waxayna la kulmeen ciidan Byzantine ah oo ka badan 200,000. 80,000 oo askari ama ka yar.[18] Si kasta oo ay ahaataba, waxa cad in Bizantiiniyiintu ay aad uga tiro badnaayeen kuwii Carabta ka soo horjeeday.
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> qadiim Cunnada Giriigga: Rooti, Cunnobadeed, Miro, iyo in ka badan!Rittika Dhar June 22, 2023Ciidankii Byzantine ee ku sugnaa Yarmuuk, sida uu sheegay Al-Baladhuri, waxa ay ahaayeen ciidan qawmiyado kala duwan leh, oo ka kooban Giriig, Suuriyaan, Armeeniyiin, iyo Mesobotaamiya.[19] Inkasta oo tirada dhabta ah ee ciidanka aan la sheegi karin, waxaa loo maleynayaa in kaliya saddex-meelood meel oo ka mid ah askarta Byzantine waxay ahaayeen beeraley ka yimid Anatolia iyadoo saddex-meelood laba meelood oo ka mid ah darajada ciidanka ay ugu horreyn buuxiyeen Armenians, iyo sidoo kale Carab. -Ghassanid fardooley ah.[20]
Arrimo badan ayaa saameeyay natiijadii dagaalkii Yarmuuk, kuwaas oo badankoodu ahaa kuwo ka baxsan xakamaynta iri. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in iri, halka uu shakhsi ahaan ku amray ciidanka Byzantine ololaheeda ka dhanka ah Faaris, ku hadhay Antiyokh iyo amarka ergada in Theodore Sakellarios iyo amiirka Armenian, Vartan Mamikonian.[21]
Tani. , si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahayd mid aan laga fursan karin. Herculius, kaas oo 630-meeyadii ahaa nin aad u xanuunsan oo la ildaran hydrophobia iyo suurtogalnimada kansar, aad ayuu u daciifay si uu ula dagaallamo ciidankiisa.[22] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la'aanta hoggaan wax ku ool ah oo isku dubaridan ee ciidanka Byzantine, oo ay weheliso jeneraalkii wacnaa ee Khaalid Ibn al-Walid ayaa ahaa mid ay u badan tahay.arrin ka mid ah natiijada dagaalka
Xirfada fardooleyda Carabta, gaar ahaan kuwa fardooleyda, ayaa sidoo kale ciidanka Carabta siisay faa'iido gaar ah oo ku aaddan awooddii ay uga gudbi lahaayeen dhiggooda Byzantine. Dib-u-dhacii u dhexeeyay May iyo Agoosto wuxuu ahaa masiibo laba sababood dartood; marka hore waxay Carabta siisay nasasho qaali ah oo ay dib isugu soo ururiyaan oo ay soo ururiyaan gurmadyo. Marka labaad, dib u dhacu wuxuu burbur ku keenay guud ahaan anshaxa iyo anshaxa ciidamada Byzantine; Gaar ahaan ciidamada Armenia ayaa sii kordhayay kacsanaan iyo gadoodsanaan. Carabta.[24] Sababta ay Byzantines u sugeen muddo dheer si ay dagaalka u bixiyaan ayaan weli caddayn, laakiin waxa aan shaki ku jirin ayaa ah in dib u dhacu uu dhab ahaantii baabi'iyay mawqifkii milatari ee Byzantines markii uu ku sii jeeday webiga Yarmuuk.
Dhaxalkii Dagaalkii Yarmuuk wuxuu ahaa. mid fog iyo mid qotodheerba. Ugu horrayn, iyo isla markiiba, jabkii ka dhacay Yarmuuk wuxuu horseeday inay si joogto ah u lumiyaan Bariga Byzantine oo dhan (Suuriya, Falastiin, Mesopotamia, iyo Masar), taas oo si weyn u wiiqday awooddii maaliyadeed iyo dhaqaale ee Boqortooyada Byzantine.
Labaad, Duulaanka Carabta ayaa dad badan oo ka tirsan bulshada Byzantine waxay u arkayeen inay yihiin aargudasho rabaani ah oo ay u qabaan cibaado la'aantooda iyo cibaadadooda.hab-dhaqanka, iyo guurkii Imbaraadoor ee is-guursaday ee Martina.[25]Kuwaas iyo guuldarradii ka dambaysay ee Muslimiinta waxay bixiyeen mid ka mid ah asalka dhibaatada Iconoclast kaas oo qarxi doona horraantii qarnigii 8aad.
Saddexaad, dagaalku waxa uu sidoo kale kiciyay isbeddelka xeeladaha iyo xeeladaha milatari ee qaybta Byzantines. Ka dib markii ay ku guuldareysteen in ay jabiyaan ciidamada Muslimiinta ee dagaalka furan, ciidankii Byzantine ayaa ka baxay si ay u sameeyaan difaac difaac ah oo ku teedsan buuraha Taurus iyo Anti-Taurus.[26] Byzantines xaqiiqdii ma aysan joogin meel kasta oo ay ku qaadaan weerarka si ay dib ugu qabsadaan hantidoodii ka luntay ee Levant iyo Masar, waxayna ugu horreyn diiradda saari doonaan difaaca dhulkooda ka haray Anatolia.
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<, duullaankii Carabta, gaar ahaan dagaalkii Yarmuuk, waxay burburiyeen sumcaddii ciidan ee iri. Isagoo ku guuldareystay inuu ka hortago luminta kala bar boqortooyadii, iri dib u gurteen galay go'doon, byWaxaas oo dhan waa nin jabay, oo hadh u ah shakhsiyadii hore ee firfircoon, kaas oo ka adkaaday Faaris toban sano ka hor.AKHRISO DHEERAAD AH> Dhacdadii Rooma
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Bibliagraphy:
Al-Baladhuri. "Dagaalkii Yarmuuk (636) iyo ka dib," Internet Medieval Sourcebook //www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/yarmuk.asp
Bailey, Norman A. Dagaalkii Yarmuuk." Journal of US Intelligence Studies 14, no. 1 (jiilaalka/guga 2004): 17-22.
Gregory, Timothy E. Taariikhda Byzantium . Taariikhda Blackwell ee Dunida Hore. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
Haldon, John. Byzantium ee Dagaalkii AD 600-1453 . Taariikhaha Muhiimka ah. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002.
Haldon, John. Dagaalka, Gobolka, iyo Bulshada ee Dunida Byzantine: 565-1204 . Dagaal iyo Taariikh. London: University College London Press, 1999.
Jenkins, Romilly. Byzantium: Qarniyadii Imperial AD 610-1071 . Dib-u-daabacaadda Akadeemiyada Dhexe ee Waxbarashada. Toronto: Jaamacadda Toronto Press, 1987.
Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium iyo qabsashadii Islaamka ee hore . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Kunselman, David E. "Dagaalkii Carabta-Byzantine, 629-644 AD" Masters Thesis, Taliska Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo Kulliyada Shaqaalaha Guud, 2007.
Nicolle , Daa'uud. Guuladii Islaamka waynaa ee AD632-750 . Taariikhaha Muhiimka ah. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009.
Ostrogorsky, George. Taariikhda Dawladdii Byzantine . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1969.
Treadgold, Warren. Taariikhda Gobolka Byzantine iyo Bulshada . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
[1] Timothy E. Gregory, Taariikhda Byzantium , Taariikhda Blackwell ee Adduunka qadiimiga (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005): 160.
Sidoo kale eeg: Nolosha Haweenka ee Giriigii hore[2] Gregory, 160.
[3] Gregory, 160-161.
[4] George Ostrogorsky, Taariikhda Dawladdii Byzantine . (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1969), 110.
[5] David Nicolle, Guushii Islaamka ee weynaa AD 632-750 . Taariikhaha Muhiimka ah, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009), 50.
[6] Nicolle, 49.
[7] Romilly Jenkins, Byzantium: Qarniyadii Imperial AD 610- 1071 . Dib-u-daabacaadda Akadeemiyada Dhexe ee Waxbarashada. ( Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 32-33.
[8] David E. Kunselman, "Dagaalkii Carabta-Byzantine, 629-644 AD" College, 2007), 71-72.
[9] Walter Emil Kaegi, Byzantium iyo qabsashadii Islaamka ee hore , (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 132-134.
[10] Al-Baladhuri. "Dagaalkii Yarmuuk (636) iyo ka dib," Internet Medieval Sourcebook //www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/yarmuk.asp
[11] Jenkins, 33.
[12]
